Corey Bailey
Audio Engineering
ARTICLES
The Internet
The part of the name; ‘net’ stands for network. A network is two or more
computers that are linked via wires or wireless technology and they are
capable of sending data to each other.
Often referred to as ‘The Cloud,’ the internet is a network made up of many
networks, that are all connected by an array of networking technologies.
That includes academic, business, government, private and public networks
from local to worldwide. The term ‘The Cloud’ has been around for awhile.
At first, the internet was only available to the government and universities,
but then it went public in the early 1990’s and it has grown exponentially ever
since. The internet carries a vast range of information, resources and services
and today, it rivals brick and mortar establishments for trade.
It can also be equivalent to the wild west because some of the information is
misleading or downright deceptive. If you surf the internet at work, know that it
is generally not private.
You can see a graphical representation of the internet here:
https://www.opte.org/the-internet/
I often refer to the internet as the ‘outernet’ because of home networking.
The ‘Internet of Things’ (IoT), usually refers to a physical object capable of
connecting to the internet or to a network. A smart TV, a smart phone or a
personal computer are some examples.
Some History
The Internet was established in the US in the early1960’s, by several people
and organizations.
In 1962 a scientist from M.I.T., named J.C.R. Licklider and the government
office of ‘ARPA,’ proposed a solution;
A “galactic network” of computers that could talk to one another.
Such a network would enable government leaders to communicate
even if another government or enemy destroyed the telephone system.
In 1965, another M.I.T. scientist developed a way of sending information from
one computer to another that he called “Packet Switching.” Packet switching
breaks data down into blocks (packets) before sending it to its destination.
Without packet switching, the government’s computers would have been just as
vulnerable to attacks as the cell phone system.
Although we may not be aware of it, we communicate online through data
packets. Information is transported from your computer, across the internet to
it’s destination, in data packets. They are usually sent at regular intervals and
take a set amount of time and each packet can take its own route.
The internet was first called the ARPANET. Robert W. Taylor led the
development of the ARPANET which, was an acronym that stood for “Advanced
Research Projects Agency Network” after the US Government agency (ARPA)
that first proposed linking computers together.
The term ‘ARPANET’ was abandoned about 1990.
In 1969, the ARPANET delivered its first message; from one computer to
another. The message was the word “LOGIN.”
One computer was located in a research lab at UCLA located in Los Angeles,
CA and one was at Stanford University in Palo Alto, CA. Each computer filled a
large room. Although the message LOGIN was short, it crashed the ARPANET
so, Stanford University’s computer only received the first two letters.
By the end of 1969, four computers were networked. The fledgling internet grew
steadily through the 1970’s as more computers were added.
By the end of the 1970’s, two computer scientists named Vinton Cerf and
Robert Kahn began developing a way for all of the computers on the internet to
communicate. They called their invention ‘Transmission Control Protocol,’
(TCP). Later, they added a protocol, known as ‘Internet Protocol.’
The acronym that is in use today is; ‘TCPIP.’
Currently, there are two types of IP addresses that are in use for the internet;
IVP4 and IVP6. An IVP4 IP address, consists of several numbers separated by
periods or dots such as; 76.50.181.100. An IVP6 address, usually consists of a
shorter number such as; 192.0.1.2/24. Your Internet Service Provider (ISP)
provides an IP address every time that you connect to the internet.
That IP address will be either ‘Dynamic’ or ‘Static.’
A dynamic IP address will change every time you log on and a static IP address
will be the same every time. Most ISP’s charge extra for a static IP. Hackers,
Social Media, ISP’s and many others learned early on that an IP address
carries a wealth of information about you and that information can be valuable.
While the Internet has grown exponentially, the issuance of domain names and
it’s maintenance has been controlled by several company's. Today, the internet
is maintained by the ‘Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers’
(ICANN).
VPN
VPN stands for ‘Virtual Private Network.’ The public internet has brought into
existence new forms of exploitation, such as Spam E-mail, Trojan horses and
various types of Malware. With the public internet, new terms such as
Cyberbullying, Doxxing, Flame Wars and Ransomware have been created.
Many companies collect extensive information from users which, some see as a
violation of privacy. Hence, the popularity of a VPN service.
A VPN service will route your IP address through a server that is typically out of
the country and change it in the process. That server should be as far away
from your personal computer as possible. Some services can sell you a
modified wireless router so that your entire connection is through their service,
starting with your connecting device which, will keep your ISP out of your
business.
Many companies make VPN hardware or software because it has become big
business. Some browsers have a VPN built in that can be turned on or off.
The use of a VPN in your browser can make the surfing of some sites difficult or
impossible. So, be ready to switch off the VPN option in your browser if you
need to surf that website.
What a VPN Cannot Do
VPN’s cannot make online connections completely anonymous, but they can
increase privacy and security. A VPN does not make your Internet connection
secure (private). You can still be tracked through tracking cookies and device
fingerprinting, even if your IP address is hidden. A VPN does not make you
immune to hackers and, a VPN is not a means for good internet privacy.
VPN plus HTTPS is no better. You will still need to be diligent by not allowing
tracking cookies and the like through your browser settings.
I personally have my browsers set to maximum security. My browsers and
antivirus software are set so tight that they won’t let me go to a website that
they think is suspicious. Those sites that won’t let me browse because of my
security policies, simply loose my business.
VoIP
The acronym stands for ‘Voice Over Internet Protocol.’ VoIP enables you to
connect your phone service over IP networks as opposed to over a land line.
This may be not as secure as a land line, but it is more cost-effective than
having both.
VoIP uses the internet for making calls. This means you can make calls directly
from a cell phone or your computer.
There is software available that allows the use of old style phones.
VoIP offers features like Voicemail to E-mail and you can access it on your
computer or phone. Another feature is simultaneous ring. This is where calls
show up on your desk phone and on your mobile device. You can also route
calls from the destination phone to any mobile phone that’s connected to the
system. Call logs can give you a better understanding how the phone lines are
being used.
The downside of a VoIP service is that when you lose power, your phone
service is also dead.
Web Pages
British computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee published the first-ever website
while working at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research).
Tim Berners-Lee developed HTML, HTTP and URL’s.
So, with the creation of a single web page, the World Wide Web was born.
Today, the number of websites is somewhere North of 1.8 Billion.
Web Page Hosting
If you plan to build a website, there are two main types of hosting. Typically, the
cheapest form of internet hosting is called ‘Shared Hosting.’ This is where
everyone shares space and other resources on the same server or servers.
Several hosting companies are usually involved with the server(s) to share
the cost and often, they are owned by the same company or group of investors.
I usually refer to shared hosting as ‘Server Malls.’
Not only are you reading this article via shared hosting, you are using the
internet to read it.
Another form of hosting is called ‘Dedicated Hosting.’ Dedicated hosting is
where one person or company rents the space. Dedicated hosting is generally
more expensive and it can be tailored to fit the bandwidth needs of the person
or company. Many companies host there own web sites.
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© Corey Bailey Audio Engineering